| Practice | Behavioral Science Says | Current Veterinary Reality | | :--- | :--- | :--- | | | Restraint and muzzling increase fear and future aggression. | Still commonly done via force, rather than pre-visit sedation or clicker training. | | Kenneling hospitalized dogs | Constant barking, confined spaces, and lack of control raise cortisol for days. | Rarely addressed unless a behaviorist is on staff. | | E-collars after surgery | Causes frustration and sensory deprivation, often worse than the surgical pain. | Standard of care, despite alternatives (inflatable collars, body suits). | | Advising "ignore the behavior" for separation anxiety | Contradicts learning theory; panic is not operant behavior. | Still given by some older practitioners. |
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